Dissection of a Bug Dataset: Anatomy of 395 Patches from Defects4J

Well-designed and publicly available datasets of bugs are an invaluable asset to advance research fields such as fault localization and program repair as they allow directly and fairly comparison between competing techniques and also the replication of experiments. These datasets need to be deeply understood by researchers: the answer for questions like "which bugs can my technique handle?" and "for which bugs is my technique effective?" depends on the comprehension of properties related to bugs and their patches. However, such properties are usually not included in the datasets, and there is still no widely adopted methodology for characterizing bugs and patches. In this work, we deeply study 395 patches of the Defects4J dataset. Quantitative properties (patch size and spreading) were automatically extracted, whereas qualitative ones (repair actions and patterns) were manually extracted using a thematic analysis-based approach. We found that 1) the median size of Defects4J patches is four lines, and almost 30% of the patches contain only addition of lines; 2) 92% of the patches change only one file, and 38% has no spreading at all; 3) the top-3 most applied repair actions are addition of method calls, conditionals, and assignments, occurring in 77% of the patches; and 4) nine repair patterns were found for 95% of the patches, where the most prevalent, appearing in 43% of the patches, is on conditional blocks. These results are useful for researchers to perform advanced analysis on their techniques' results based on Defects4J. Moreover, our set of properties can be used to characterize and compare different bug datasets.Comment: Accepted for SANER'18 (25th edition of IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering), Campobasso, Ital

Metodologia de seleção de município para recebimento de condomínio logístico e análise de viabilidade econômica de sua implantação

O presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia para selecionar um município para receber um condomínio logístico no estado do Rio de Janeiro e apresenta um modelo de análise de viabilidade econômica de implantação de um condomínio logístico típico. Foi feita ainda uma analise do mercado de condomínio logístico brasileiro e carioca abordando suas características, bem como seus participantes, tamanho estimado e crescimento recente. A metodologia proposta para selecionar os municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro com maior propensão a receber condomínios logísticos envolve três etapas. Na primeira são definidos quatro requisitos mínimos que devem ser atendidos relacionados a distancia de rodovias; investimentos recebidos, PIB industrial e reconhecimento como centro industrial. Os municípios que atendem os requisitos da fase um passam para a etapa dois. Na segunda etapa, os municípios que são classificados com maior vocação logística,analisando suas indústrias, empreendimentos logísticos, projeções de crescimento e previsões de investimentos, passam para a fase três.Nessa última etapa, os municípios são avaliados segundo oito critérios com pesos diferentes. No fim dessa etapa,os municípios são classificados em três classes sendo os de classe A aqueles com alto potencial para receber um condomínio logístico. Foi apresentada ainda uma avaliação econômico-financeira de um condomínio logístico típico, utilizando o método do fluxo de caixa descontado. Foram definidas as variáveis importantes para tal avaliação, as premissas adotadas foram justificadas e foi analisada a sensibilidade do modelo de avaliação a variações de premissas relevantes

An r -process enhanced star in the dwarf galaxy Tucana III

Chemically peculiar stars in dwarf galaxies provide a window for exploring the birth environment of stars with varying chemical enrichment. We present a chemical abundance analysis of the brightest star in the newly discovered ultra-faint dwarf galaxy candidate Tucana III. Because it is particularly bright for a star in an ultra-faint Milky Way (MW) satellite, we are able to measure the abundance of 28 elements, including 13 neutron-capture species. This star, DES J235532.66−593114.9 (DES J235532), shows a mild enhancement in neutron-capture elements associated with the r-process and can be classified as an r-I star. DES J235532 is the first r-I star to be discovered in an ultra-faint satellite, and Tuc III is the second extremely low-luminosity system found to contain rprocess enriched material, after Reticulum II. Comparison of the abundance pattern of DES J235532 with r-I and r-II stars found in other dwarf galaxies and in the MW halo suggests a common astrophysical origin for the neutron-capture elements seen in all r-process enhanced stars. We explore both internal and external scenarios for the r-process enrichment of Tuc III and show that with abundance patterns for additional stars, it should be possible to distinguish between them

VDES J2325−5229 a z = 2.7 gravitationally lensed quasar discovered using morphology-independent supervised machine learning

We present the discovery and preliminary characterization of a gravitationally lensed quasar with a source redshift zs = 2.74 and image separation of 2.9 arcsec lensed by a foreground zl = 0.40 elliptical galaxy. Since optical observations of gravitationally lensed quasars showthe lens system as a superposition of multiple point sources and a foreground lensing galaxy, we have developed a morphology-independent multi-wavelength approach to the photometric selection of lensed quasar candidates based on Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) supervised machine learning. Using this technique and gi multicolour photometric observations from the Dark Energy Survey (DES), near-IR JK photometry from the VISTA Hemisphere Survey (VHS) and WISE mid-IR photometry, we have identified a candidate system with two catalogue components with iAB = 18.61 and iAB = 20.44 comprising an elliptical galaxy and two blue point sources. Spectroscopic follow-up with NTT and the use of an archival AAT spectrum show that the point sources can be identified as a lensed quasar with an emission line redshift of z = 2.739 ± 0.003 and a foreground early-type galaxy with z = 0.400 ± 0.002.We model the system as a single isothermal ellipsoid and find the Einstein radius θE ∼ 1.47 arcsec, enclosed mass Menc ∼ 4 × 1011 M and a time delay of ∼52 d. The relatively wide separation, month scale time delay duration and high redshift make this an ideal system for constraining the expansion rate beyond a redshift of 1

A influência da síndrome de ovários policísticos e síndrome metabólica na escolha do tipo de parto: revisão de literatura

Introduction: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Metabolic Syndrome (MS) are interconnected through various physiological pathways, and their coexistence may have significant implications, especially during pregnancy and the childbirth process. During pregnancy, women with PCOS and MS may face an increased risk of obstetric complications. Regarding the impact on childbirth, PCOS and MS can influence the choice of the type of delivery. Methodology: This work constitutes a literature review, following the systematization with the five pillars described below. 1) Problem statement: "What is the influence of PCOS and MS on the choice of the type of delivery?". 2) Relevant studies were identified using the PUBMED platform with the descriptors "Metabolic Syndrome, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Parturition, Pregnancy," PUBMED all in accordance with MESH. 3) Initially, 11 studies were selected; 4 were discarded after a thorough reading as they did not contribute to the problem statement. 4) Data extraction was performed using a text editing program. 5) Experts were consulted. Results: The studies revealed that PCOS and MS are associated with a clinically significant increase in the risk of complications during pregnancy compared to control groups. Additionally, there is a 3 to 4 times higher likelihood of developing pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia, a threefold increase in the risk of gestational diabetes, and a twofold likelihood of premature birth. The elevated obstetric risk for women with PCOS is reflected in a higher rate of spontaneous abortion. Moreover, it was observed that, compared to the general population, PCOS and MS are more associated with cesarean delivery. Conclusion: Cesarean delivery is predominant in patients with PCOS and MS. Furthermore, there is a higher risk of developing pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, and premature birth.Introdução: A síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) e a síndrome metabólica (SM) estão interligadas por várias vias físicas, e sua coexistência pode ter implicações significativas, especialmente durante a gravidez e no processo de parto. Durante a gravidez, as mulheres SOP e SM podem enfrentar um risco aumentado de complicações obstétricas. Quanto ao impacto no parto, a SOP e a SM podem influenciar a escolha do tipo de parto Metodologia: Este trabalho trata-se de uma revisão de literatura, de acordo com a sistematização com os 5 pilares descritos a seguir. 1) Questão problema: “Qual a influência da SOP e SM na escolha do tipo de parto?”. 2) Estudos relevantes foram identificados utilizando na plataforma PUBMED os descritores “Metabolic Syndrome, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Parturition, Pregnancy”, na PUBMED, todos de acordo com MESH. 3) 11 estudos foram selecionados inicialmente, 4 foram descartados mediante leitura completa por não contribuir com a questão problema. 4) A extração de dados foi realizada em um programa de edição de texto. 5) Especialistas foram consultados.  Resultado: Os estudos revelaram que a SOP e SM estão associadas a um aumento clinicamente significativo no risco de complicações durante a gravidez, em comparação com os grupos de controle. Além disso, há uma probabilidade de 3 a 4 vezes maior de desenvolver hipertensão causada pela gravidez e pré-eclâmpsia, um aumento de 3 vezes sem risco de diabetes gestacional e uma probabilidade duas vezes maior de parto prematuro. O risco obstétrico elevado para mulheres com SOP se reflete em uma maior taxa de aborto espontâneo. Diante disso, observou-se que em relação a população em geral, SOP e SM associam-se mais com o parto cesariano. Conclusão: O parto cesariano é predominante em pacientes com SOP e SM. Além disso, há maior risco de desenvolver hipertensão causada pela gravidez, pré-eclâmpsia e parto prematuro

The Dark Energy Survey : more than dark energy – an overview

This overview paper describes the legacy prospect and discovery potential of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) beyond cosmological studies, illustrating it with examples from the DES early data. DES is using a wide-field camera (DECam) on the 4 m Blanco Telescope in Chile to image 5000 sq deg of the sky in five filters (grizY). By its completion, the survey is expected to have generated a catalogue of 300 million galaxies with photometric redshifts and 100 million stars. In addition, a time-domain survey search over 27 sq deg is expected to yield a sample of thousands of Type Ia supernovae and other transients. The main goals of DES are to characterize dark energy and dark matter, and to test alternative models of gravity; these goals will be pursued by studying large-scale structure, cluster counts, weak gravitational lensing and Type Ia supernovae. However, DES also provides a rich data set which allows us to study many other aspects of astrophysics. In this paper, we focus on additional science with DES, emphasizing areas where the survey makes a difference with respect to other current surveys. The paper illustrates, using early data (from ‘Science Verification’, and from the first, second and third seasons of observations), what DES can tell us about the Solar system, the Milky Way, galaxy evolution, quasars and other topics. In addition, we show that if the cosmological model is assumed to be +cold dark matter, then important astrophysics can be deduced from the primary DES probes. Highlights from DES early data include the discovery of 34 trans-Neptunian objects, 17 dwarf satellites of the Milky Way, one published z > 6 quasar (and more confirmed) and two published superluminous supernovae (and more confirmed)

O impacto da ultrassonografia no atendimento multidisciplinar na UTI

Introduction: The introduction of ultrasound in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) represents a significant milestone, fostering substantial advancements in multidisciplinary practice and positively influencing the management of various critical conditions. The application of pulmonary ultrasound, in particular, emerges as a versatile and essential tool, directly impacting the quality of care provided. Methodology: A bibliographic search was conducted on the PUBMED platform, utilizing specific Mesh descriptors: Ultrasonography, Intensive Care Units, Patient Care Team. The search period spanned from 2013 to 2021, encompassing a total of 33 articles. Results: The application of ultrasound in the ICU has proven to be an extremely relevant tool for multidisciplinary care. Pulmonary ultrasound, when employed by intensivists, not only provides a precise assessment of the mentioned conditions but also plays a fundamental role in rapid decision-making and treatment optimization. Conclusion: Ultrasound emerges as a transformative tool in the ICU, shaping multidisciplinary practice and ushering in an era of more advanced and patient-centered intensive care. Its crucial role in swift decision-making and treatment optimization reinforces its position as an indispensable element in the toolkit of healthcare professionals in both the present and future ICU settings.Introdução: A introdução da ultrassonografia na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) representa um marco significativo, promovendo avanços substanciais na prática multidisciplinar e influenciando positivamente o manejo de diversas condições críticas. A aplicação da ultrassonografia pulmonar, em particular, surge como uma ferramenta versátil e essencial, impactando diretamente a qualidade do atendimento prestado. Metodologia: A pesquisa bibliográfica foi conduzida na plataforma PUBMED, utilizando descritores Mesh específicos: Ultrasonography, Intensive Care Units, Patient Care Team. O período de busca abrangeu os anos de 2013 a 2021, totalizando 33 artigos. Resultado: Aplicação da ultrassonografia na UTI tem se mostrado uma ferramenta de extrema relevância para o atendimento multidisciplinar. A ultrassonografia pulmonar, quando utilizada pelos intensivistas, não apenas oferece uma avaliação precisa das condições mencionadas, mas também desempenha um papel fundamental na rápida tomada de decisões e na otimização do tratamento. Conclusão: A ultrassonografia emerge como uma ferramenta transformadora na UTI, moldando a prática multidisciplinar e promovendo uma era de cuidados intensivos mais avançados e centrados no paciente. Seu papel crucial na rápida tomada de decisões e na otimização do tratamento reforça sua posição como um elemento indispensável na caixa de ferramentas dos profissionais de saúde nas UTIs do presente e do futuro

An approach to software comprehension based on feature location in source code

Features are an important concept for understanding software requirements. However, discovering where a desired feature is located in the source code is a challenging task because the code is generally not modularized in a feature-fashioned way, and so, features tend to be scattered over the source code. This work proposes a method and a software tool called Featincode for analyzing feature scattering through the graphical interpretation of the intersection between feature elements and source code elements. The tool collects and represents trace events of multi threaded programs for developer selected features and show some matrices that help analyzing where those features are implemented. The proposed method and tool are validated with the analysis of some features of the ArgoUML CASE tool. The conclusion is that our approach can reduce the effort for comprehending where features are implemented and which source code is specific to a feature. The method and tool can be applied to help software comprehension, maintenance and evolution activities.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorMestre em Ciência da ComputaçãoCaracterísticas são conceitos importantes para o entendimento de requisitos de software. Entretanto, descobrir onde uma característica de interesse está localizada no código fonte é uma tarefa desafiadora porque, em geral, o código é modularizado de maneira não orientada a características e assim as características tendem a estar espalhadas pelo código fonte. Este trabalho propõe um método e uma ferramenta chamada Featincode para a análise do espalhamento de características através da interpretação gráfica da interseção entre características e elementos do código fonte. A ferramenta coleta e representa rastros de programas multi-threaded para as características selecionadas pelo desenvolvedor e mostra algumas matrizes que ajudam a analisar onde as características estão implementadas. O método e a ferramenta proposta são validadas com a análise de algumas características da ferramenta CASE ArgoUML. A conclusão é que a abordagem pode reduzir o esforço para compreender onde as características estão implementadas e quais elementos do código são específicos de uma característica. O método e a ferramenta podem ser aplicados para auxiliar em atividades de compreensão, manutenção e evolução de software

La pénurie comme instrument dans les conflits fonciers : Loup de Ferrières et la celle de Saint-Josse (840-852)

Après plus d’un siècle de recherche autour de ce thème, les épisodes de pénurie au cours du haut Moyen Âge sont aujourd’hui bien connus. Cependant, les mécanismes qui se cachent derrière ces phénomènes ne sont pas toujours bien clairs, malgré l’intérêt qu’a suscité chez les spécialistes une série de crises survenues entre le VIIIe et le XIIIe sièclesayant mené à un état de pénurie et de faim dégénérant parfois jusqu’au cannibalisme de survie. Cet article s’intéresse aux rapports qu’il serait possible d’établir entre, d’un côté, une série d’hivers rigoureux et d’inondations enregistrés dans différentes sources narratives pour les années 840 et la forte pénurie dont fait état la correspondance de Loup de Ferrière pendant la même période, et de l’autre, les actions menées par ce même l’abbé pour récupérer la celle de Saint-Josse, domaine situé près de Montreuil-sur-Mer, dans l’actuel département du Pas-de-Calais. L’objectif est ici d’interroger la relation entre facteurs naturels et enjeux politiques intervenant dans une situation crise.After more than a century of research the periods of dearth along Early Middle Age have been widely catalogued either on aspects of written remains as well as on the archaeological ones. Despite the knowledge of a series of crises that led to a state of dearth and hunger, including cases of cannibalism, and also the theoretical broadening of the subject, the mechanisms of these processes are not always very clear. This paper focuses on some concomitant phenomena that took place throughout the decade of the 840 in the area of Ferrières. The first one is a sequence of hard winters and floodings reported in various narrative sources. The second one deals with the references about dearth in the letters of Loup, abbot in Ferrières, focused on the same decade and, at last, the dispute carried out by this abbot for the domination of Saint-Josse, nearby Quentovic. The objective is to discuss the relationship between natural and political factors in times of crisis